How do the dramatic techniques used in the play help audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation Essay Example

How do the dramatic techniques used in the play help audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation? Essay In Shirley Valentine Willy Russell presents the transformation of a stifled middle-aged woman who changes dramatically from her married self. This is represented by the use of different dramatic techniques such as voiceovers, flashbacks, monologues and other effects which are some of the devices Willy Russell uses to display changes during the play. This will alter the audiences view towards Shirley a stifled, bored, middle-aged woman to an outgoing, adventurous and free woman. This play is influenced by kitchen sink drama although it is not exactly similar. A kitchen sink drama is about pessimistic working class men, with an emphasis on domestic realism and their social problems. However in this play the main protagonist is a woman. This play also contains humour unlike a kitchen sink drama but both type of play are similar as these plays are based on the unfulfilled life of the main character. This play is focused on a working class life, social problems and relationships of a woman who hasnt fulfilled her life and is stuck at home. The character of Shirley represents the frustrations of working class women who remains isolated from the outside world and instead have to dwell in work of domestic labour. From this we can tell that Willy Russell was influenced from his childhood as he had become a ladies hairdresser, a job he didnt quite enjoy, by taking his mothers advice. This job connected Russell to women and their lives where he was able to socialise w ith many women and gained an inside view of how they felt. Russell combined his problems in life to working class women, creating the relationship between Shirley and her life. We will write a custom essay sample on How do the dramatic techniques used in the play help audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How do the dramatic techniques used in the play help audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How do the dramatic techniques used in the play help audience to understand the importance of Shirleys transformation? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Russell satirises feminism in the play by introducing Shirleys best friend Jane who believes in feminism, only because of her past experiences with her husband. But Willy Russell mocks feminism as Jane goes of with another man. Although Jane is supposed to represent feminism gone wrong in the play, we could also work out Willy Russell thoughts on feminism. However Russell isnt against feminists as he sympathises with Shirley. The title sequence and opening scenes help to establish Shirleys character as a weighed down, lonely housewife trapped in the life of domestic labour. As the movie, Shirley valentine starts we are shown different types of house chores portraying that Shirley valentine has something to do with domestic chores. During the credits for Shirley valentine we are shown sketches presenting the incompleteness, as sketches are the first draft of the final painting and this hints that there will be changes. The theme song employs the disappearance of Shirley, Shirley wasnt there anymore, but it also states I would like the chance to be the girl who used to be me. Meaning that if Shirley has a chance to change back to who she was she would take it. As the movie begins we are shown Shirley walking towards the camera loaded with shopping bag weighing her down, which changes to a street of small semi-detached houses with small front garden, this implies the narrowness of her life. When Shirley ente rs the house she sighs and the first person she talks to is the wall Hello wall. Through this monologue we can understand she is lonely because when she is using monologue we know that she is talking on her own. Altogether we can assume that she is depressed and from the theme we can say that the Shirley doing the housework isnt who she used to be. We know that she changed into someone completely different. Willy Russell uses flashback to show the audience how Shirley Valentine slowly changed into Shirley Bradshaw. This also shows us the contrast of what Shirley use to be like and how she is now. The flash back of when Shirley and Joe were newly married, shows how they were happily married as they used to be more fun, spontaneous and comfortable in their marriage. When we go back to Shirleys present state, it seems that the relationship is very boring and they are less socialised with each other. This shows how their relationship had changed from one thing to another. The flashback of where Shirley is discussing the clitoris with her friends, she states about what Joe thinks of the clitoris, and when he replies, doesnt go as well as the Ford Cortina. This employs that Joe isnt physically interested in Shirley anymore. Another flashback of how Shirley used to be like when she was young. In the scene during assembly, Willy Russell showed how school destroyed her life. When Shirley was a kid she was neglected by her teacher and was never expected to get anything right butwhen she finally did, the headmistress thought that she has cheated. Through voice over we are told, I was never really interested in school after that. I became a rebel. This informed us that she gave up her education during her childhood now as a result she is an adult with no education and is trapped in her marriage. Another flashback has shown how Shirley Valentine was like. She use to wear her school skirt so high, this shows her confidence where as in the present, she lacks this. This flash back also shows that her school life was not good I hate everything this shows her low self esteem. This flashback also states her rebellious and mischievous side, Well tickle my tits till Friday. Her personality then was opposite to Shirleys personality now. The flash back of when Shirley met Marjorie shows how Shirley life is very boring, Got a postage stamp? I will write it down for you! this shows how her life is narrow and empty and that she has done nothing interesting in her life. This flashback had also shown how she never received much love in her relationship, there was real affection in that kiss. It was the sweetest kiss Id known for years. Shirley was so affected by the way Marjorie said goodbye because the kiss was a nice, warm and comforting kiss, which she hadnt experienced in years. All these flashbacks are very effective as they help us to empathise with Shirley now by showing bit by bit of how the events in her life changed who she was to who she is. Encounters with minor characters establish Shirleys character and reveal changes in her attitude. When she meets Renos, she is then more sociable and gregarious; she is also much happier talking to him. When she is dining with the holiday makers Dougie and Jeannette, she gains more confidence. She turns to Sydney speaking with emphasis. whereas previously she wouldve spoken to the camera but now she expresses her opinions publicly. The quote most important invention of all the wheel mean that Shirley is reclaiming the young, brave Shirley valentine who was crushed by poor education and is now displaying knowledge/intelligence. She is also expressing how she is feeling, which wouldnt have done before. When Shirley meets Costas, we see the changes transforming Shirley Bradshaw to Shirley valentine. I wanna jump of the roof! This portrays that she is regaining the bravery of young Shirley, but when she was back at Liverpool she was resistant of going as she was too old. After meeting Costas Shirley tells herself Ive fallen in love with the idea as living. This displays Shirleys transformation she felt how it is to be free, to live that shes fallen in love with it. Shirley valentine uses minor characters and various comic devices to add humour, to reveal elements of Shirleys personality and to mock stereotypes. With the use of irony, sarcasm and wordplay Shirley valentine became an entertaining play. Humour is presented as a strategy in which Shirley uses to cope with her miserable life. Her witty remarks to Joe Joe: you are going round the bend. Shirley: do hope so. Ive always wanted to travel. reveals a part of the confident that Shirley once had. Minor characters also add to the humour of the screenplay. The tourist complaining about Greece being too Greek, provides entertainment. Russells use of dramatic monologue helps us to empathise with Shirley by Shirleys relationship with the audience. It helps us to feel included in Shirleys life as she reveals her inner thoughts. Monologues also create a sense of intimacy as we feel she is confiding her secrets to us, trusting us when she is talking to the camera or herself Shirley (to camera): he says he still loves me. You know this helps us feel involved, like she really is talking to us. Initially, the dramatic monologue reveals Shirleys opinion on her life, such as I do miss them, the kids highlighting her loneliness. Shirley looks unbelievingly at the camera. This includes the audience helping us to understand her reaction. Dramatic monologue helps us to empathise with Shirley. Why do we get all this life if we dont ever use it? this makes us feel that Shirley is asking us that question as well as herself. It makes us wonder about this and feel sympathy for her. Thats where Shirley Valentine disappeared to. She got lost in all this unused life. This quote lets us know how she feels lost. It makes us realise how hopeless Shirley feels. All of this makes us feel what she is saying. Dramatic monologue charts Shirleys developing confidence, particularly as she prepares to go to Greece. After the visit from Gillian, when Shirley describes herself as brave and marvellous the audience sees a remarkable change in Shirleys mood and self-esteem. Voiceovers help us to keep updated. Shirley (VO): Jane divorced her husbandfound him in be with the milkman This is more informative because she tells us why Jane became a feminist. This also helps us feel involved in Shirleys life. Voice over is also one of the dramatic techniques which adds Shirleys point of view in the present to the past. This creates the difference of how Shirley was feeling then and how she is feeling now young Shirley: I hate the world. I hate everything. Shirley (VO): but I didnt really hate anything. The only thing I hated was me. This also shows that Shirley is becoming more self-aware as the screenplay progresses, so that she can recognise, for example, her low self-esteem. Willy Russells use of setting highlights the difference between Shirley in Greece and Shirley in Liverpool in many ways. When Shirley was in Liverpool, she was in many scenes which represented Shirley such as small semi-detached house with small front gardens this shows the narrowness of her life. Whereas in Greece the sea lapping gently below her. This shows freedom. The atmosphere in Liverpool also represents Shirley pouring with rain. This creates a dull, sad and depressing mood which highlights the unexciting life of Shirley. However in Greece the stunning natural beauty of the place This shows how Shirley is changing as this scene is contrasting to the rain, and the shimmer of the midday sun on a calm sea this represents a strong contrast to Liverpool rainy England to sunny Greece, shows changes in Shirley. Shirley states that she loves the difference between England and Greece It was like Id come to the far side of paradise. An I loved it. Another contrast is Shirleys appearance. While Shirley was in Liverpool, Shirley usually wore cloths without any shape such as an overall, where as when Shirley is in Greece she wears cloths that show out her figure. This play is divided into scenes in Liverpool and Scenes in Greece. There are differences in scenes in Liverpool and Greece which informs us where she is and when something is happening day or night. This helps us to see where Shirley is in our head and creates an atmosphere. This also helps us know more about the flashbacks to see them as memories instead of stories. The absence of flashbacks in the Greek scenes shows that Shirley is enjoying her time in Greece as she is spending less time thinking about the past and more time thinking about the present. This presents change in Shirley as a more relaxed person. The climatic moments of the play is when Shirley is having dinner with Joe. This is the point, when Shirley decides to go to Greece for a change. Willy Russell ensures that the audience emphasises with Shirley decision to leave Joe, when Joe patronises her. He does not appreciate Shirleys hard work. When Joe pushes his plate along the table, it hits Shirleys plate and the contents tip into Shirleys lap. This became the final straw for Shirley and the audience know that Shirley must have had enough. This scene also shows that Joe uses Shirley as doormat as she has to do all the work for him, just as he wants it to be e.g. the routine. We can see that Shirley needs a break, needs to rebel and going to Greece is something the audience will agree with. My final impression of Shirleys character is that she isnt Shirley Bradshaw anymore, that her transformation to Shirley Valentine is complete. She is relaxed and peaceful where before Shirley was always stressed and depressed. When Shirley says He needs a holiday. He needs to feel the sun on his skin and to be in water thats deep as forever. This proves that shes changed so much she can now worry about Joe and his unfulfilled life. The fact that Shirley cannot be recognised by her own husband says that her visual transformation is symbolic of her emotional change. But now Im Shirley Valentine again. Shirley has reclaimed her true identity and at the end she fulfils her dreams near the setting sun showing a happy ending. From all this I can see that Shirley is now a very happy and free person and has changed for good. Overall we can see that slowly we have watched the transformation of Shirley Valentine transform into Shirley Bradshaw and change back into Shirley Valentine. She has turned from a life of captivity in house chores and boredom to freedom and adventure. This has been portrayed by the impact of dramatic techniques which creates empathy and shows past experiences, changes and her point of view on things helping us to understand this transformation.

Mosaic of Thought Workshop for Reading Comprehension

'Mosaic of Thought' Workshop for Reading Comprehension When was the last time you finished a book and you were asked to complete a worksheet about it? You probably havent had to do that since you were a student yourself, however, this is something that most of us ask our students to do on a daily basis. To me, this doesnt make much sense. Shouldnt we teach students to read and comprehend books in a manner that is consistent with how they will read and comprehend as adults? The book Mosaic of Thought by Ellin Oliver Keene and Susan Zimmermann, as well as the Readers Workshop method, moves away from worksheets with comprehension questions that use more real-world, student-driven instruction. Rather than depend solely on small reading groups, the Readers Workshop method blends whole group instruction, small needs-based groups, and individual conferring to guide students through the application of the seven basic comprehension strategies. What are the thinking strategies that all proficient readers use as they read? Determining What is Important - Identifying themes and diminishing focus on less important ideas or pieces of informationDrawing Inferences - Combining background knowledge and textual information to draw conclusions and interpret factsUsing Prior Knowledge - Building on previous knowledge and experiences to aid in comprehension of the textAsking Questions - Wondering and inquiring about the book before, during, and after readingMonitoring Comprehension and Meaning - Using an inner voice to think about if the text makes sense or notCreating Mental Images - Implementing the five senses to build images in the mind that enhance the experience of reading Believe it or not, many children may not even know that they are supposed to be thinking as they read! Ask your students if they know to think as they read - you may be shocked by what they tell you! Ask your students, Did you know that its OK not to understand everything you read? They will most likely look at you, surprised, and answer, It is? Talk a little bit about some of the ways that you can build your understanding when you are confused. As you know, even adult readers, are confused sometimes when they read. But, we bet it made them feel a little better to know that they dont have to fake understanding when they read; the best readers question, reread, look for context clues, and more in order to better understand and move through the text. To get started with the Mosaic of Thought reading strategies, choose one of the comprehension strategies to focus on for a full six to ten weeks. Even if you only get to a few of the strategies in a year, you will be doing a major educational service for your students. Here is a sample schedule for an hour-long session: 15-20 minutes - Present a mini-lesson that models how to use the given strategy for a certain book. Try to pick a book that really lends itself to this strategy. Think aloud and you demonstrate how good readers think as they read. At the end of the mini-lesson, give the kids an assignment for the day that they will do as they read the books of their own choosing. For example, Kids, today you will use sticky notes to mark the places where you could really visualize what was going on in your book. 15 minutes - Meet with small needs-based groups to meet the needs of students who need extra guidance and practice in this comprehension area. You can also build in time here to meet with 1 to 2 small guided reading groups, as you may be doing in your classroom now. 20 minutes - Use this time for one-on-one conferring with your students. Try to get to 4 to 5 students per day, if you can. As you meet, delve deep with each student and have him or her demonstrate to you exactly how they are using this strategy as they read. 5-10 minutes - Meet again as a whole group to review what everyone accomplished and learned for the day, in relation to the strategy. Of course, as with any instructional technique that you encounter, you can adapt this concept and this suggested schedule to fit your needs and your classroom situation. Source Oliver Keene, Ellin. Mosaic of Thought: The Power of Comprehension Strategy Instruction. Susan Zimmermann,  2nd Edition, Heinemann, May 2, 2007.

It's a history class (Final Exam (Take Home), 30%) Essay

It's a history class (Final Exam (Take Home), 30%) - Essay Example In his book, he claimed that Africa had no future of its own yet, but only that of Europeans in the continent (Trevor-Roper et al 72). After much research into the past of the African people before colonization, it has been found that the views of these two men were to say the least, misplaced, deceitful and unfounded. A critique of Hegel’s and Hugh’s comments Before the coming of the white man, the continent of Africa was home to the native Africans who possessed their customs, politics and economies. Through the passage of time, these factors remained of their own making. Their history was marked with events of peace, strife, ceremonies and rituals, and as barbarous or primitive as it seemed, it was their own history with no external influences (Nnoromele 43). When the Europeans arrived to Africa, they denied it a place in world history. Georg Hegel, Hugh Trevor Roper and other Western philosophers called it a land without norms that needed to be cultured. In other wo rds, they viewed Africa as a wild beast that possessed no knowledge of right and wrong or his identity and his interests. According to them, he was occupied with nothing else but the instinct of daily survival from factors like hunger and other beasts. For this reason, he needed some taming with religion and domestication with civilization, both of which, they believed he lacked (Rodney 43). To the whites, Africans had no religion and thus no idea of God. To them, their belief was fetish that is the belief in inanimate objects. For this reason, African religious objects were stashed as myths and artifacts in boxes then ferried away to the Western museums as a nagging reminder that they might never learn. Prior to the Europeans, Africans were engaged in various traditional religions. The generalization of these religions is difficult due to the diversity of Africa’s pre-colonial cultures, but they had some similar characteristics. These similarities included the belief in a su preme being, spirits and other various divinities, the use of magic, the veneration of ancestors, the use of traditional medicine and an oral basing rather than a scriptural one. Another major generalization was the belief that humanity existed to harmonize the physical world with the supernatural one. These religions were passed down from one generation to the other through art, festivals, rituals, word of mouth, songs and dances, names of people, proverbs, myths, beliefs and customs. Upon entry of the Europeans, Africans did not just sit back and allow the dissolution of their religious institutions. In southern Nigeria, for example, opposition from highly organized traditional religious institutions met the Christian missionaries. Religious societies like the Okigwe and the Obgunorie clashed with the missionaries in several occasions. Another resistance to religious colonization was the maji maji (sacred water) revolt of 1905-1907, which took place in Tanzania. The movementâ€⠄¢s leader, Kinjeketile, convinced his fighters that he possessed some sacred water, which, upon drinking, would make one invulnerable to bullets from the Europeans. However, just as many other African revolts, they lost the battle and had to adhere to the white man’s demands. To end the strife and come to a standpoint, the missionaries in many African lands sat with the indigenous leaders to come up with the African

MACROECONOMIC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MACROECONOMIC - Essay Example It has also seen that the market and business of the country getting to have a sense of decency and accountability. The banks major role is to regulate the money or the Australian currency. It is also responsible for the management of other banks. In essence the RBA has a regulatory role in the Australian economy rather than profit making like other banks. The absence of this bank could have seen a scenario was prices of commodities rise insignificantly and no one has control over them. Financial institutions could have also been free to impose any interest rates and totally create a situation of anarchy in the economy. It is then necessary that we keenly look at the role of the RBA in the economy of Australia. The role of the RBA Though the reserve bank can play several other roles there are three major roles that can be sidelined in the study of the functions of the RBA to the economy of Australia. These roles are. ... Interest rates are a significant and basic thing that loaners look at before they can take a lone from the bank. The RBA then plays a very basic role of regulating the availability of money in the economy to be borrowed, these is done by the bank regulating and defining the general cost rate of interest in the whole banking sector. These are ideally achieved through the domestic market operations (RBO). In these case then the bank is responsible for the granting of government securities, these securities are like the treasury notes and also the treasury bonds. These two will directly influence the general interest rate of the banks. Maintenance of employment Unemployment is one key factor in the determination of the economic status of a country. Unemployment is majorly or in most cases high when inflation is high. With the prices of commodities being high and purchase power of citizen being low then a situation presents itself were many employees will not employ more workers or in ev en other case downsize there labor force. The RBA has a major role of regulating inflation by ensuring that it remains at a very low value. This low inflation is very critical in marginalizing prices in the market and thus the purchase power remains high. These unable more people to get employed and thus in such a case the RBA is playing a very critical role of maintaining employment. Ensuring economic prosperity Finally the RBA has a very major role of developing the economy of Australia. From the roles it plays it ensures that there is stability in the currency of Australia. A stable currency is a very good indicator of economy growth. When the currency is strong against other international currencies then the economy

We live in a patriarchal society discuss how gender links to Essay

We live in a patriarchal society discuss how gender links to inequality in society using examples from the past and present and in England and Arab spring - Essay Example Not only have there been both overt and covert means to ensure that the status quo is maintained, but even in the modern era, it has become common for openly discriminatory actions against women to be promoted at almost every level of society. The world today has seen numerous changes and women have come to experience opportunities that were not open to them for many centuries. It is therefore important that a comprehensive discussion of how gender links to inequality in society be conducted. In Elizabethan England, it was a common belief among individuals in society that women were inferior in all aspects to men. This belief ensured that women were put in a subordinate status where they did not have the same opportunities as those that were given to men (Ellis, 1839). Even Queen Elizabeth I herself seemed to promote this bias and she did this through accepting that she was indeed as physically weak as any woman, but despite this, she was also a woman who had the heart and stomach of a king. It seems that she compared herself thus because she wanted to attribute some of the male features that were believed to be superior to herself. Moreover, even the most prominent writers of the time such as Shakespeare and John Knox, the protestant leader, all believed that women were inferior. The latter especially promoted this belief by stating that women were created in perfection in order to serve and obey man, a statement that shows the predominance of patriarchy in society (Fle tcher, 1994). This attitude towards women continued to be propagated in later centuries and some of its aspects have remained prevalent to this day. The patriarchal nature of English society has led to a situation where women have continued to be discriminated against despite the development of ideals such as gender equality. The sometimes-unconscious discrimination against women in society has led to the continuation of

Effect of Whipped Egg Whites on Soufflé Volume

Effect of Whipped Egg Whites on Soufflà © Volume R. Ardura THE EFFECT OF WHIPPING EGG WHITES OVER ITS LEAVENING CAPACITY IN SOUFFLES INTRODUCTION We may all agree with the grand statement Nicholas Kurti said over his presentation â€Å"The Physicist in the Kitchenâ€Å": â€Å"It is a sad reflection on our civilization that while we can and do measure the temperature in the atmosphere of Venus, we do not know what goes on inside our soufflà ©s† (Barham, 2001). Soufflà ©s, sponge cakes, meringues, and bread are some examples of baked foams. Foams â€Å"allow [the diner] a better perception of the texture of a dense mass in the mouth and enhance the perception of odors† (This, 2009). Understanding how foams work under dynamic conditions is crucial for any chef to achieve a better end product and give the consumer a greater enjoyment. Egg whites are commonly used as an aerating agent because of its foaming properties. Their foam assists in the leavening process, although the actual leavening agent is air. Foam simply allows air to be incorporated into baked goods (Figoni, 2011). The end goal is to capture and retain as much air inside the soufflà © to achieve an airy, light and delicate end product. Foams are a colloidal system of a gas dispersed into a liquid continuous phase (Pawel et al, 2014). In the case of soufflà ©s, the continuous phase is water with egg white proteins, lipids and carbohydrates dissolved in it—which will strengthen the dispersing medium—, and the dispersed phase is air (McWilliams, 2012). Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and some of the other components of air are mostly hydrophobic. In other words, air can dissolve in water but only in tiny amounts (MyHrvold, 2011). The mechanical action of beating pushes air bubbles into the continuous phase of the forming foam while the protein of the egg whites unfold to form a monolayer film at the surface of the air pushed inside. This stage of foam forming is called absorption (Cherry, 1981). The hydrophilic part of the egg white proteins will be attracted and bound with water and any hydrophilic component present in the solution, while the hydrophobic end will be oriented inwards surrounding the gas phase and stabilizing the bubble (MyHrvold, 2011). When talking about foams in food products, it is of interest to know the foam’s stability and volume. Any solids, such as sugar, present in the continuous phase of foam add viscosity to the liquid base. Different levels of viscosity, or resistance that a fluid poses to shear forces, changes the mouth-feel of the product and duration of the foam. In general, the more viscous a liquid is, the longer its bubbles last (Pugh, 1996). We should also keep in mind that a greater resistance to shear forces means a smaller increase of volume from air expansion. Therefore, the recipe used in this study has minimal foaming agents and foaming stabilizers to ensure that the outcome truly reflects the impact of the whipping stage on the increased volume and stability of the soufflà ©. The rate and extent in which albumin unfolds to form a film at the surface of the gas, also called the absorption rate, increases as shear force is applied to the egg white when beaten (Damodaran and Song, 1988). As protein unfolds and entraps gas to form new bubbles the overall volume of the solution grows. Foam becomes opaque and can be pulled into soft peaks. While some bubbles collapse, others are surrounded with a second monolayer. The second film covers any coagulated regions, caused by over beaten proteins, from the first monolayer (Cherry, 1891). The bubbles progressively become smaller and foam gets tighter until stiff peaks are formed (McWilliams, 2012). This is usually the stage egg whites are brought to for making soufflà ©s. It is a common belief that bringing the egg white foam to this stage will make a more stable soufflà ©. The normal pH value for egg whites is from 7-8, but as they age their pH goes up. However, the rate and area to which proteins unfold and reposition at the interface is conditional to the protein’s intermolecular limitation to form new bonds. The overall egg white foam stability is optimal at or near the isoelectric pH of albumin—pH5.5 (Cherry, 1981). This is due the convex shape bubbles take near the pI of albumin, which exhibit a slower liquid drainage rate than decay from gas diffusion and disproportionation (Damodaran, 1994). As a result of less liquid drainage the foam films remain thick enabling dry foams of high stability to be formed (Malysa and Lunkenheimer, 2007). Furthermore, the addition of an acid boosts the number of free-floating hydrogen ions in the egg white slowing down disulfide bonding and exposing hydrophobic regions that result in further adsorption sites (Murray, 2007). In order to generate the same variables for this study, all egg whites were ti trated to pH 5.5 creating a more suitable protein conformation for entrapping and holding air dispersions. Foam will start to form when the number of new and accumulated bubbles exceeds the number of rupturing ones. The stability of foam does not only depend on the solution’s composition but also the state of the bubble’s adsorption layers (Malysa and Lunkenheimer, 2007). Most studies focus on the stability of foams under static conditions where a tight bubble network and high stability are formed. Considering that in the soufflà © production process foam is subject under dynamic conditions, surface elasticity may become of significant importance when analyzing foam expansion and stability on such systems. In addition, even though it would seem logical that a highly flexible unfolded protein would cover a greater surface area than a compact folded protein, Damodaran and Song found that one of albumin’s folded intermediates occupies a greater surface area (Damodaran and Song, 1988). Therefore, in order for a protein to entrap the maximum amount of gas in foam and exert the most favorable reduction of the surface tension, it should be processed (whipped) until an optimum degree of unfolded and folded coils are achieved (Damodaran, 1989). The physical law that animates the phenomenon occurring in a soufflà © was discovered by the French scientist and balloonist J. A. C. Charles. Charles’ law states, â€Å"†¦the volume occupied by a given weight of a given gas is proportional to its temperature† (McGee, 2004). Some may conclude that the greater amount of air bubbles trapped the greater the volume will raise as the soufflà © is baked. Others may believe that it does not matter the stage the egg white has been whipped to because gas will always expand a fixed amount. However, bearing in mind Damodaran and Song’s discovery and the assumption that surface elasticity could play a determining roll on foams expansion and stability under dynamic conditions, there might be the possibility to believe that stiff peak is not the optimum stage at which the egg white must be whipped to achieve the maximum final volume in soufflà ©s. This study will focus on the effects different stages of whipped egg white foams have on the final volume of soufflà ©s. After this study a chef will know the best possible utilization of egg whites for soufflà ©s and other food preparations where egg whites act as a leavening agent. Learning about egg white’s surface rheology through measurements recollected over a range of timescales will help to understand how the protein structure on whipped egg whites relate to the final volume of soufflà ©s. It may also suggest a better way to produce other backed foam products as sponge cakes, meringues and bread. WORKS CITED Barham, P. (2001). The Science of Cooking. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag GmbH. Figoni, P. (2011). How Baking Works (3rd ed, pp. 258, 267, 300 303) Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. McGee, Harold (2004). On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (1st ed.), Egg Foams (pp.109-113). New York, NY: Scribner. McWilliams, Margaret (2012). Foods: Experimental Perspectives. (Seventh ed., pp. 113, 114, 116, 384-387, 412). New Jersey: Pretince Hall. MyHrvold, N., Young, C. Bilet, M. (2011).The Modernist Cuisine: The Art and Science of Cooking(1st ed., Vol 4, pp. 74, 240-255). Bellvue, WA: The Cooking Lab. This, H. (2009), Science of the Oven. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Pawel, P., et al. (2014). The Physical and Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Fresh Wet Foams Based on Egg White Proteins and Selected Hydrocolloids. Food Biophysics, 9:76-87 Cherry, J. P. (1981). Whipping and Aeration. In Cherry McMaters (Eds.), Protein Functionality in Foods (pp. 150-153). American Chemical Society: USA. Damodaran, S (1994). Protein functionality in food systems. In N. S. Hettiarachchy G. R. Zeigler (Eds.), Structure-Function Relationship of Food Proteins (pp. 15-17). Chicago, IL: Institute of Food Technologists. Damodoran, S. (1989) Interrelationship of molecular and functional properties of food proteins. In J. E. Kinsella W. G. Soucie (Eds.), Food Proteins (pp. 21-22). Champaign, IL: The American Oil Chemists’ Society. Damodoran, S. and Song, K. B. (1988). Kinetics of absoption of proteins at interfaces: Role of protein conformation in diffusional adsorption. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 954:253. Malysa, K. and Lunkenheimer, K. (2007). Foams under dynamic conditions. Current Opinion in Colloid Interface Science, 13 (2008), 150-162. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2007.11.008 Murray, B. S. (2007) Stabilization of bubbles and foams. Current Opinion in Colloid Interface Science. 12 (2007), 232-241. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2007.07.009

Richard Cory, by Edwin Arlington Robinson :: Poetry Analysis

Paraphrase: A man named Richard Cory appeared to have it all: looks, a suave persona and a respectable social status. These qualities were respected and admired by the townspeople, even envied to a small degree. Despite his apparent perfect life, Richard Cory shot and killed himself. Purpose: The purpose of this poem is to show that people are not always who they appear to be. Moreover, the people that seem to have it all may still be emotionally unstable and act irrationally such as committing suicide. Structure: There are 4 stanzas, each serves to reveal a different piece of information (1st stanza: town’s consensus about Richard Cory, 2nd stanza: personality, 3rd stanza: social status, 4th status: the abrupt, unforeseen ending of his life). Speaker: There is one speaker and the POV is third person. Shift: The shift in this poem occurs at the second to last line. Before this, the poem revolves around the, what seems to be, ideal life of Richard Cory. But at this line the poem ends abruptly with an unexpected suicide, stated as an understatement. Syntax/Grammar/Diction: There is repetition of â€Å"always† in relation to how the townspeople describe him. This means that Richard Cory’s public appearances were routine and unchanging maybe even a false facade. The use of the colon to connect two full sentences serves to associate ideas. The diction of â€Å"imperially slim† (4), â€Å"glittered† (8), â€Å"fluttered† (7) and â€Å"admirably schooled† (11) all indicate Richard Cory’s apparent superiority over the rest of the townspeople. Tone: The tone before the shift is admiring with a small hint of envy. The tone after the shift is rather indifferent, there is no diction indicating remorse or any other emotion over his death.

Liability and a Environmental Liability Essay

A liability is a present obligation of the enterprise arising from the past events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from the enterprise of resources embodying economic benefits whereas An environmental liability is an obligation to pay future expenditures to remedy environmental damage that has occurred because of past events or transactions, or to compensate a third party that has suffered from the damage. An environmental liability exists when there is a requirement, based on statute, regulation, or legal agreement to perform cleanup (i.e., removal, containment, disposal) from federal operations that resulted in hazardous waste. Environmental liabilities must be recognized on the financial statement for probable and measurable future outflows or expenditure of resources for environmental cleanup, closure, and/or disposal actions. Obligation based on the principle that a polluting party should pay for any and all damage caused to the environment by its activities. In some countries, this is a strict liability if the damage can be attributed to a specific party. The principle of liability applies to environmental damage and imminent threat of damage resulting from occupational activities, where it is possible to establish a causal link between the damage and the activity in question. The essential characteristic of a liability is that the enterprise has a present obligation. Therefore , an environmental liability is probable if for example : 1. A legal obligation is exists 2. The management wants to prevent, reduce or repair substantial environmental impacts 3. A company in the US has been named by the US EPA as a potential responsible party to clean up as US Superfund site.

Overview of Ames Test

The AMES test also known as bacteria reversed mutation assay is used to evaluate the mutagenic properties of test articles. The test was first developed by Bruce Ames in 1974 (Krebsfaenger). The amino acid dependent strain of S. typhimurium and E. coli are used in this experiment where in the absence of the external histidine source, the cells cannot grow to form colonies. Specifically these strains of Salmonella are defective in 1. ) Repair of mutations (uvrB) and 2. A rfa mutation (eliminating a portion of lipolysaccharide (a coating of outer bacterial surface)). The rfa mutation here fulfills two purposes: 1. ) Helps Salmonella in growing in presence of sodium desoxycholate or crystal violet. and 2. ) Increases the cell permeability allowing more mutagen to enter the cell. The lack of uvrB gene in the decreases the rate of repair mechanism of mutations occurring resulting in the increased incidences of occurring mutations. These auxotrophic strain cannot grow on the media without histidine and biotine (due to uvrB).If these organisms are allowed to grow on the media lacking both of these, the strain get converted to prototroph resulting the organisms to grow on the mutagenic chemicals to be tested in the media. If the chemical being tested is mutagenic, the organisms will grow as some substance are capable of causing mutations in the cells at same site or at nearby sites resulting in restoring gene's function and these mutations in the cells can revert back the gene regaining its function (Tejs).These revertant cells are then able to grow on the media which does not contain histdine as it can now synthesize histidine on its own. This mutation causes the cells to divide continuously. If there is no further mutation occurring in the cell, the cells will die out like normal cell. But if any further mutation occurs which allows the cells to grow for many generations, then the cancerous cells will be formed. The principle of Ames test is specifically based on the hypothesis that any substance that is mutagenic for the bacteria used in this test may also turn out to be carcinogenic (compound causing cancer).The most important limiting points of the Ames test includes first an assumption that though Ames test is being tested on prokaryotic microorganisms, it will detect the mutagens or cancer causing agents in human beings. (Though this test uses rat liver enzymes, Ames test is not able to serve the perfect model for human beings. ) Secondly, mutagens found by this test might not be carcinogenic i. e. further test may be required. also all carcinogens are not mutagens ( i. e. Ames test is unable to find such agents eg: asbestos).Third, some nitrate containing compounds lie nitroglycerine can cause false positive production by producing nitric oxide. ? Works Cited 1. Krebsfaenger, Niels. â€Å"AMES TEST: Bacterial Reversed Mutation Assay. † Genpharmtox, Assay Sheet AMES TEST. Gen Pharm Tox, n. d. Web. 21 Nov 2012. . 2. Tejs, Sebastian. â€Å"The Ames Test: A methodological Short Review. † Environmental Biotechnology. Environmental Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury, n. d. Web. 27 Nov 2012. . 3.

The Poetics of Popular Music Oral Presentation 15 Essays

The Poetics of Popular Music Oral Presentation 15 Essays The Poetics of Popular Music - Oral Presentation (15%) November 14th, 18th & 21st For Oral Presentations, everyone in the class will have (roughly) 5 minutes +/- to do the following: Choose a song that you think should be in the coursepack Identify its title and lyricist. Any information about the era (when it was written) might be helpful too Argue for its inclusion. This should take up the majority of your time: Why should it be included? What would its inclusion add? What theme does it add to or address? What other songs presently in the coursepack could be compared to it? Why? How would we all benefit from reading it? Why? Read parts of the lyrics if you wish but it cant be for no reason or just to kill time; doing so has to back up, or add to, what you are arguing End your presentation by making a statement or asking a question that will (hopefully) stimulate a discussion Tips & Preparation Pick a song that is short enough so you can actually do a somewhat thorough analysis of it; the longer it is, the more youll have to rush & potentially ignore important aspects of it. Practice makes perfect so dont forget to go over your presentation ahead of time for clarity, timing and delivery. You cant just make it up as you go the day of itll come across that way Youre among friends so dont tense up! Itll be fine! Your mark will be based on 2 criteria: the presentation itself (7.5%) and the 300-350 word write-up (7.5) which is due in class one week after your presentation. NO LATE SUBMISSIONS one week later and thats it. Presentation Day: analysis, insight, delivery, clarity, preparation Write-Up: A written version of the presentation. You can go into considerably more detail here if you wish. Please include the lyrics to the song (which will not be considered part of the word count). Also, please include some sense of how you thought your presentation went (I did this well; this not so much; if I had to do it again I would) Very important! Respect and true and active engagement when others are presenting is essential. Disruptive behavior, ignoring, sleeping, talking, texting while others present will negatively affect your mark no matter how well your own presentation goes. Questions? MIO me anytime or come by during office hours.

Politics and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Politics and Society - Essay Example From 1753 through 1801, William Pitt came up with the right bestowed on the prime minister to request other ministries to reign and establish it. The only record up to year 1916 evidencing the decisions of the cabinet was a letter done by the Prime Minister to be sent to the Monarch. Some of the posts that were created in year 1916 were the secretary of the cabinet and the secretariat of the cabinet. (number10.gov.uk, 2011) Peele in his book says that in 2004, the system of government in Britain was that of cabinet. This system has all the political as well as executive leadership being provided by the cabinet. This cabinet is made up of few senior ministers who are heads of various main departments. The head of the cabinet is the Prime Minister. The position of premiership is devoid of formal powers, but is usually above the other ministers in superiority. The power bestowed to the Prime Minister is, thus, legitimate in the collective government. Therefore, the Prime Minister is jus t but the ministers’ team leader. This government in entirety is the one responsible for all the decisions reached in parliamentary proceedings. Despite the fact that Macmillan in 1957 to 1963 suggested how a cabinet type of governance should be, the current cabinet system in the UK is altogether different. Changes are evident in many levels of the system, with the prominence of premiership being a source of power imbalance in the cabinet. (Peele, 2004 p127) The most senior of the positions in the cabinet are usually filled by the appointments made by the Prime Minister subsequent to an election. All persons holding the positions in the cabinet of the UK are usually serving members of parliament. The senior most positions in the cabinet are Foreign Secretary, Deputy Prime Minister, Exchequer’s Chancellor and the Home Secretary. The holders of the office are usually announced immediately after every general election’s result. This is mostly after one or two days afterwards the appointments of minor positions in the cabinet are made public knowledge. (historylearningsite.co.uk, 2011) In Britain, coalitions approach of governance have happened severally and arrangements as well as pacts alike. Coalitions are usually established to bring resolutions to predicaments. Some of these predicaments arise from crisis nationally like the popular Great Wars in the 1900s, while some of the crisis that call for coalition governments are economic (for instance, the 1930s National Government). Other crises that bring about a coalition government are political like the 1970s’ which was formed due to a small majority by the labour party. (Oaten, 2007 p11) A coalition government is defined as simply a system of governance where a government is made up of at least two parliamentary parties. This type of governance is not common in systems where there is a plural system of election and two-party systems. It is a common occurrence in proportional represen tation systems of governance, though. There are also special circumstances that require for this type of governance like where after an election, none of the contesting parties makes plural votes in a convincing manner or even scenarios needing a united purpose nationally. Parties

All the Presidents Men Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

All the Presidents Men - Movie Review Example Just as the blockbuster about the shark succeeded precisely because it jettisoned all but the spine of the story on which it was based, so does this real-life suspense thriller benefit from narrowing its focus. The two reasons that the film stops at the midway point of the book are that time constraints simply would not have allowed the entire book to be filmed and, more importantly, because although the film is directed in the style of a mystery, the ending is already known by most filmgoers. As a result, most of the bulk of the second half of the book which details the downfall of the President's men would be viewed as little more than an anticlimax if put on film. The filmmakers made the brilliant decision to not only end their story before it devolved into a numbing lesson on what at the time was very recent history, but they also chose to end the film on a downbeat note for the reporters. The central setting of the story is the offices of the Washington Post; there are only brief and cursory visits to the home life of these reporters. That is essential toward showing that the story is bigger than they are. Even though they grow throughout the film in stature, they are constantly dwarfed by their surroundings, from the huge set of the Post offices to the monuments and landmarks in Washington. This effect of showing that these two really were very little men attempting to break through the walls of a massive system against which few would have thought they could win is most effectively portrayed in the memorable shot in the Library of Congress. The scene begins at the level of the characters as they begin flipping through book borrowing cards. The camera then slowly ascends upward and the two reporters almost get lost as they become as small as ants in the massive maze of corridors and tables of the Library of Congress as seen from its ceiling. The shot is a metaphor f or the process of both investigative journalism in general, and the investigation the most powerful man in the country in particular. Equally effective is the style of editing that contributes to an overpowering sense of isolation from power. The very idea of contemporary editing effects with shots lasting only a few seconds would be counterproductive. The film is primarily a collection of long shots and extended scenes of dialogue punctuated by appropriate moments of silence. What this method accomplishes is creating a sense of dread and fear. Paranoia runs throughout the film, especially in the scenes involving Deep Throat. Deep Throat in the book was, as he had to be, merely a cipher; he had no real personality, existing more as a talking head. Hal Holbrook infuses the character of Deep Throat with a snide and even derisive quality that pumps electricity and humanity into scenes that ran the risk of falling flat. Since Deep Throat's real identity was a mystery when the film was made, the character could have suffered by being characterized too generically. Paradoxically, Deep Throat comes off as one of the mos t human of all the characters and this is partly due to the shadowy atmosphere in which he is filmed. Even a scene as simple at the reporters pulling out a parking lot on the roof and disappearing into the vast expanse of Washington, DC is imbued with hidden horrors. All the President's Men does not just stand as one of the